Activity 2: The Internet

                    Internet is the most widely used in the world. It lets the people to communicate, exchange information or ideas and interact or socialize with other people. The Impact of the internet in our world today is that it creates an interconnection with the people worldwide especially to those who are in the field of business, health care and education. Many people prefer to use the internet because it is the faster way of exchanging of information. The Internet creates new ways for citizens to communicate, congregate, and share information of a social nature. All people are encouraged to participate and contribute drawing on their experiences and resources. In the areas of business, security is of great concern and importance.Therefore, The Internet has changed the way we study, do research, and where we get other information. It has effected our culture in good and bad ways- changing the way we work, how we spend free time, and the way we communicate.The Internet impacts different areas of our lives and cultures for better and for worse.

Here are following Internet organizations:

ISOC (Internet Society)

• Provide leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet. 
• Are the organisational home for the groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). 
• Act as a global clearinghouse for Internet information and education. 
• Facilitate and coordinate Internet-related initiatives around the world. 

IAB (Internet Architecture Board)

• The IAB is a technical advisory group of the ISOC (Internet Society). Its responsibilities are to appoint a new IETF chair and IESG candidates, serve as an appeal board, manage editorial content and publication (RFCs), and provide services to the Internet Society. 

IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group)

• The IESG is chartered by ISOC to provide technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process. The IESG manages the IETF working groups and is directly responsible for the actions associated with entry into and movement along the Internet "standards track," including final approval of specifications as Internet standards. 

IRTF (Internet Research Task Force)

• The purpose of the IRTF is to create research groups that focus on Internet protocols, applications, architecture, and technology. The groups are small and long term, and are put together to promote the development of research collaboration and teamwork in exploring research issues. Participation is by individual contributors rather than by representatives of organizations. The IRSG manages the research groups and holds workshops that focus on the evolution of the Internet and discuss research priorities from an Internet perspective. 

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

• The IETF is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. The actual technical work of the IETF is done in its working groups, which include Applications, Internet, Network Management, Operational Requirements, Routing, Security, Transport, and User Services. Working groups are managed by members of the IESG. The IAB provides architectural oversight. The IETF also facilitates technology transfers from the IRTF to the wider Internet community. 

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

• This was chartered by ISOC to coordinate the assignment of Internet "identifiers" such as domain names, autonomous system numbers, IP address numbers, protocol numbers, and port numbers. 

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

• A non-profit, international corporation that was formed in September 1998 to take over global responsibility for Internet Protocol (IP) address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, Domain Name System (DNS) management, and root server system management functions. 

InterNIC (The Internet's Network Information Center)

• The InterNIC is currently an informational Web site established to provide the public with information about domain name registration. 

Sources: http://www.linktionary.com/i/internet_organizations.html

              http://www.isoc.org/isoc/

What makes the internet reliable and efficient?

                   The internet is an excellent first source for quick reference which must be checked with actual reliable sources. It somehow depends on the article we read just as it depends on the show we watch.But internet is reliable and effiecient in such ways that it gives more information to the user and it is the fastest way to search and to communicate with others. Sometimes people tend to use the internet with their research projects or to meet new friends and find some jobs which nowadays popular to job seekers or share some files and a great way to share of new ideas and some stuffs.

What principles applied in the Internet that could also be beneficial in other areas?

                Some use it to secure some files and benefited them in exchanging of information and communicating with other companies. Some also use it to share files with the use of online file sharing and to give on socialization and the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or serve some purpose.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite (Internet Model)


                 The TCP/IP protocol suite maps to a four-layer conceptual model known as the DARPA model, which was named after the U.S. government agency that initially developed TCP/IP. The four layers of the DARPA model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in the DARPA model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer OSI model.

                 The Application layer which send continuos data streams then the TCP fragment data stream to segments that the IP fragment segments if required, prepare datagrams then if its required the network access layer will fragment datagram into bits and defines how to use the network to transmit an IP diagram and encapsulation of IP datagrams into the frames transmitted by the network, and mapping of IP addresses to the physical addresses used by the network. After that, the network access layer will reconstruct again the datagrams into bits, then the IP reconstructs again the segments from datagrams, which the TCP will defragment segments and reconstruct data stream and so, the application will now receive continuous data streams and vice versa.